移動苗床網花卉灌溉方法及注意事項
近幾年來，我國花(hua)卉產(chan)業逐漸壯大，花(hua)卉種植品(pin)種不斷增多，花(hua)卉灌溉(gai)方(fang)式(shi)也開始多元(yuan)化發展，本(ben)文(wen)就常(chang)用的灌溉(gai)方(fang)式(shi)進行分析(xi)。
滴(di)灌
是指(zhi)所用灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)器以點滴(di)狀(zhuang)或連續細小(xiao)水(shui)流等滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)形式澆灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)作物的灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉系(xi)統。滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)統中常見的灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)器有滴(di)頭、滴(di)箭、滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管、滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帶等。滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)統是***先進的灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方式之(zhi)一(yi)，采用滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，可以避(bi)免(mian)其他灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方式灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)后(hou)濕度過大(da)易(yi)引起作物染病的弊端，因此滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可以說是絕大(da)多數溫室花卉灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉系(xi)統的***佳選擇。
滴(di)灌系統(tong)具有省(sheng)工、省(sheng)水(shui)、節能、優質、增(zeng)產、適應范圍廣、易于實現自動控制(zhi)等(deng)優點，還可以配合(he)施肥設備，精(jing)確地(di)對(dui)花卉進行(xing)隨(sui)水(shui)追肥或施藥等(deng)作(zuo)業(ye)。其不足之處是設備投(tou)資較高(gao)、系統(tong)的抗(kang)堵塞性能差，因(yin)此滴(di)灌對(dui)水(shui)質要求較高(gao)。
使用(yong)滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)系統時，需注意(yi)以下幾(ji)個事項。一是滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)系統與傳統的(de)畦灌(guan)(guan)、管(guan)灌(guan)(guan)等灌(guan)(guan)溉方式***大的(de)區別(bie)在于“少(shao)量多(duo)次”。二是種植花(hua)卉多(duo)用(yong)基質(zhi)，因此滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)管(guan)(帶(dai))在選(xuan)型時需注意(yi)以下幾(ji)點：滴(di)頭間距不能選(xuan)大;滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)管(guan)(帶(dai))在鋪設(she)時一定要出水口朝上或者平行(xing)于地表，不能朝下;過濾裝置一定要定期清洗(xi)(xi)，建議每次灌(guan)(guan)溉后(hou)清洗(xi)(xi)，禁止將濾芯(xin)取出不用(yong)。
微(wei)噴
是指所用灌(guan)水(shui)器以噴(pen)(pen)灑(sa)水(shui)流狀態(tai)澆灌(guan)作(zuo)物的(de)(de)灌(guan)溉(gai)系(xi)統。微噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統的(de)(de)灌(guan)水(shui)器有各種微噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)和噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)帶。露地(di)(di)微噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統一般將噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)帶地(di)(di)表鋪(pu)設或是將微噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)地(di)(di)插;在設施(shi)中，一般將微噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)倒(dao)掛在設施(shi)骨(gu)架上(shang)，以避免影響微噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)統對田(tian)間其他(ta)作(zuo)物進行(xing)作(zuo)業。
微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)分(fen)旋(xuan)轉式(shi)(shi)和(he)散(san)射(she)式(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)，旋(xuan)轉式(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)一(yi)般(ban)用于(yu)補(bu)充(chong)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai);散(san)射(she)式(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)又分(fen)為折射(she)式(shi)(shi)和(he)離(li)心式(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)，折射(she)式(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)一(yi)般(ban)用于(yu)降(jiang)溫加(jia)濕和(he)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)兼顧的場所(suo)，離(li)心式(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)一(yi)般(ban)用于(yu)降(jiang)溫加(jia)濕和(he)無土中(zhong)的霧化(hua)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)。在(zai)設施生產中(zhong)，宜將滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)與微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)結合使(shi)用，滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)系統(tong)主要用于(yu)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)噴(pen)系統(tong)用于(yu)補(bu)充(chong)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)、降(jiang)溫加(jia)濕、調(diao)節設施田(tian)間小氣候(hou)。
使用(yong)(yong)微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)需注意以下(xia)幾點：一是(shi)微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)在(zai)(zai)倒掛安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)時(shi)，必須安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)防(fang)滴器，防(fang)止停水(shui)后(hou)微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)頭(tou)滴水(shui)對花卉造成(cheng)危害;二是(shi)如(ru)果在(zai)(zai)設施中微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和滴灌系(xi)(xi)統(tong)同時(shi)共(gong)用(yong)(yong)一個(ge)水(shui)源，要在(zai)(zai)滴灌系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)減壓裝(zhuang)置或者在(zai)(zai)微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)局部加(jia)壓裝(zhuang)置，防(fang)止滴灌系(xi)(xi)統(tong)爆破或者微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)(pen)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)不噴(pen)(pen);三是(shi)過濾裝(zhuang)置一定要定期(qi)清(qing)洗，建議每次灌溉后(hou)清(qing)洗，禁忌將(jiang)濾芯取出不用(yong)(yong)。
人造霧系統
是指所(suo)用(yong)灌水器以(yi)霧狀噴灑作物的灌溉方(fang)式(shi)。人造霧的工作壓力非常(chang)大，一般(ban)在4MPa至12MPa，因此霧化效果非常(chang)好，一般(ban)用(yong)于連(lian)棟溫室中(zhong)的高檔花卉降溫加濕(shi)，也可以(yi)用(yong)來噴藥和消毒。
使用人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧系統需注意(yi)以下(xia)幾點(dian)：一是人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧噴頭(tou)的(de)出(chu)(chu)水口徑很(hen)小，對水質的(de)要求非常高，通常采用軟化水，防止噴頭(tou)堵(du)塞，一旦出(chu)(chu)現噴頭(tou)堵(du)塞現象(xiang)，可將噴頭(tou)拆下(xia)，用超聲波清洗器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)清洗;二是人(ren)(ren)造(zao)霧系統的(de)加(jia)壓泵需要定期(qi)保養，更換機(ji)油;三是該系統一般采用自(zi)控系統進(jin)行(xing)控制(zhi)，根據溫度(du)和濕度(du)自(zi)動(dong)開(kai)啟和關閉。
